The Impact Of Media On Social And Political Decisions

The information is very important for people in communities. Citizens can receive the information from a variety of mass media such as televisions, radios, and newspapers, and also get from new media such as the Internet. This information has affected to people who use data for making social and political decisions (Ederstone, 2011, p. 140). Media ownerships play an important role as man in the middle by collected facts from their journalists and spread to general public. Also the same information can disseminate to worldwide through new media. The purpose of this assignment is to illustrate the benefits of concentrated media ownership, including news to become international and a variety of services and products. It will then go on to describe the disadvantages, which involve diversity of content and lack of neutrality. Convergence technology is breaking down walls of the media and allows news to become international that means local news can spread to global audiences. In fact, the Internet has created an extraordinary of information and entertainment via data broadcasting, Internet technologies and traditional home video replacement. People around the world can access the content that media owners provide, so the same contents are spreading to global viewers. In addition, research in industry trends from PricewaterhouseCoopers shows that advertising revenue on the Internet is predicted that it will sharply rise from 6,000 billion in 2008 to 15,000 billion in 2017,Show MoreRelatedThe Black Lives Matter Movement972 Words   |  4 PagesWhen looking at current social movements it is important to understand how race, class, and the current political sphere intersect with current social environments. Because we have movements that are focused on systemic/longstanding social issues it is important to understand how decisions are made in reaction to these systemic problems and how public opinion is effected by them. 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Analysis Of The Film Edvard Munch - 1052 Words

Edvard Munch is an artist that has been traumatized and haunted by death throughout his entire life. His works of art are both terrifying and mesmerizing. In the film Edvard Munch, director Peter Watkins does an excellent job at showing the life of Munch as if it was Munch telling his life. The film is a mixture of documentary and a drama about Munch’s life, and how his torments were reflected in his art. The film has a very grey and cold tone throughout its run. It definitely helps set the mood of Kristiania (Oslo), Norway where Munch grew up. The film’s depiction of Munch was that of a very shy, and reserved young man, in fact he hardly ever spoke. It also portrayed him as a sort of outcast in his family, as his father was a doctor, and his other siblings were also aspiring to be doctors. During this time, we can see that Munch’s early studies of his family always showed the side of people’s faces. There was no eye contact. In the film it not only shows those paintings, but it also shows Edvard and his father always arguing and they never make eye contact with each other. He began working on a portrait of his younger sister in 1884. The painting only illuminated her face and her hand, everything else was black. The critics in Kristiania called it a â€Å"frightening ugly portrait.† This negative criticism would follow Munch’s work for the next fifteen years, affecting even his painting of The Sick Child which is a painting of his older sister’s death. In the film Edvard is

Dreams Essay Research Paper Unconcious DreamingThere are free essay sample

Dreams Essay, Research Paper Unconcious Dreaming There are many facts that are unknown about the head. For centuries, philosophers and scientists have tried to understand how it works. We have learned that the head has a figure of different degrees of processing. Before Sigmund Freud # 8220 ; about all the old research and theorizing of psychologists had dealt with witting, such as perceptual experience, memory, judgement, and larning # 8220 ; ( Hunt185 ) . Freud brought forth a figure of theories that dealt with # 8220 ; the unconscious and its important function in human behaviour # 8221 ; ( Hunt 185 ) . The unconscious is a storage country for information that is non being used. It is besides the place of # 8220 ; powerful crude thrusts and out wants that invariably generated force per unit area on the witting head # 8221 ; ( Hunt 185 ) . As this country of the head can merely be understood through guess, I will look to woolgather reading and depth psychology as keys to unlocking this country of psychological science What are dreams? Are they merely random encephalon activity, or are they our head seeking to state us something? Dreams represent many different countries of one # 8217 ; s life in physical, emotional, and mental ways. # 8220 ; When we sleep we do much more than merely rest our weary castanetss ; we tap into our subconscious head ( Ullman and Zimmerman 1979 ) . The subconscious has much to offer about oneself. # 8220 ; The mean human being spends one tierce of their life in sleep and during each sleep about two hours is spent woolgathering # 8220 ; ( Ullman and Zimmerman 1979 ) . These dreams are of import because they are the voice of our subconscious. Dreams can relay to people facts about their lives that they are non even cognizant of. There are besides many ways that dreams can assist bring around different physical, emotional, and mental jobs in one # 8217 ; s life. I will look at dreams, their significances, and possible ways of construing them utilizing such methods as hypnotherapy and depth psychology. Dreams can be defined as # 8220 ; a witting series of images that occur during slumber # 8221 ; ( Collier # 8217 ; s, 1984 ) . Dreams are normally really graphic in colour and imagination. They are said to uncover to the dreamer different wants, concerns, and concerns that he or she has. Dreams may reflect every portion of who the dreamer is. The content of dreams depends on # 8220 ; how old the dreamer is and how educated the he or she is # 8221 ; ( Collier # 8217 ; s, 1984 ) . We have no control over that which we dream about, but we do cognize that they are influenced by state of affairss in our lives. An illustration of how a dream can be influenced by our lives is as follows. I had a dream that I was surfing in Hawaii a twosome of darks after I returned from Honolulu in 1990. My dream about surfing stemmed from when we were at that place, we went to the Pipeline, on the north shore of Oahu. The dream itself was eldritch. I was on my board and I fell away. The eldritch port ion was that when I was in the H2O I started droping, I decided to seek to swim to the surface. I figured that the H2O was much deeper than I thought, so I kept swimming. I started to run out of breath and I began to panic. I woke up from the dream and found that my sheet was in my oral cavity barricading my consumption of air. This shows how physiological demands can attest themselves in our dreams. An single # 8217 ; s unconscious head combines spots and pieces of information and places them together. Dreams are about ever ocular. # 8220 ; Forty to fifty per centum of dreams have some signifier of communicating nowadays in them and a really little per centum of dreams give the dreamer the ability to utilize his or her five senses # 8221 ; ( Encarta ) . Dreams allow one to take a closer expression into their head in a pursuit for self-discovery. In ancient Greece dreams were believed to be messages from the Gods. Hippocrates and Aristotle believed that dreams contained physiological information that may be cause of future unwellnesss. Dreams can be used to work out a figure of different types of jobs. In The Interpretation of Dreams, by Sigmund Freud he states # 8220 ; As respects the dream, all the problems of waking life are transferred by it to the kiping province # 8221 ; ( Freud 113 ) . They relay things about a individual that the individual may non be able to see. Fr eud says that certain images in dreams sometimes have important significances associating to the individual # 8217 ; s life. Freud called dream reading # 8220 ; the royal route to the cognition of the unconscious in mental life # 8221 ; ( Hunt 178 ) Much of what is in our dreams is non straightforward or easy to understand. # 8220 ; Different objects in the dream may function as a symbol # 8221 ; ( Kalb 77 ) . We may hold to look much deeper into ourselves if we hope to understand what has come to us by manner of woolgathering. Dreams represent different countries of one # 8217 ; s life that trade with one # 8217 ; s physical, mental, and emotional being. The subconscious head can non talk straight to the witting head, but they do pass on through symbolism. These symbols can relay information about one # 8217 ; s life if these symbols are interpreted. Dreams are # 8220 ; a private linguistic communication, known merely to ourselves # 8221 ; ( Cartwright 5 ) . # 8220 ; You # 8217 ; ll neer see an object in dream that you haven # 8217 ; t seen in your day-to-day life # 8221 ; ( Ullman and Zimmerman 1979 ) # 8220 ; Within the subconscious prevarication different types of things such as suppressed emotions, creativeness, and basic human inherent aptitude # 8220 ; ( Ullman and Zimmerman 1979 ) . The witting portion of the head works when people are awake and is the portion of the head that handles things that people can understand. Dreams can offer an flight to persons who need alleviation from their mundane jobs. They have a manner of puting one free from world, which includes all of one # 8217 ; s jobs. Dreams help one to get the better of these emphasiss and aid people to acquire on with their lives. In The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud states # 8220 ; The waking life neer repeats itself with its tests and joys, its pleasances and strivings, but, on the contrary, the dream aims to alleviate us of these # 8221 ; . Although an person can non live over the same minute, dreams allow us to animate those experiences. Our feelings about the event may attest in our dreams and let us to manage a state of affairs the manner we wanted to, non needfully the manner it happened. As we have learned, the c apacity of long term memory seems to be limitless. Although we may non believe about a state of affairs on a regular footing, memories of that minute are within us and hence become possible topics of dreams. Dreams have both a metaphysical and a physical being. The metaphysical is the imagination within the dream and their relation to the subconscious. The physical facet is the chemical reactions occur within the encephalon during dreams. The tie between physical and metaphysical can non be established but it safe to state that one does be. Ideas are non physical in nature, we can # 8217 ; t touch or see them, but in order for them to happen the encephalon must travel through chemical and hormonal alterations. # 8220 ; The dream uses corporate figures because it has to show an ageless homo job that repeats itself infinitely, and non merely a perturbation of personal balance # 8221 ; ( Jung, 1945 ) A individual # 8217 ; s witting head is the head that they use when they are awake and cognizant of what he is traveling on. The witting is the portion of the head that has the ability to do differentiations between world and the fantasy universe. An person is able to believe rationally and move a certain manner due to those ideas. A individual, in this province of head, has complete control over everything he or she does including talking, believing, and the manner that he or she acts about people. Treatment such as hypnotherapy can non be given during this province of head because the individual is to the full cognizant of what is traveling on around them. They are to the full cognizant of how he is moving and what he is stating. # 8220 ; People # 8217 ; s witting heads are really much related to the unconscious portion of people # 8217 ; s heads ( Lukeman 61 ) . During dreaming, the head travels from the witting to the unconscious. Dreaming allows the unconscious portion of the head to relay all information to the individual that sometimes that the individual does non even know exists. # 8220 ; One # 8217 ; s unconscious head does non cover with issues such as morality, moralss, or cultural necessities # 8221 ; ( Lukeman 62 ) . Peoples are intimidated by the idea of the unconscious ; they do non like the idea of holding something non wholly under their control. Through analysing a patient # 8217 ; s unconscious head, a healer may be able to see parts of the patient tha t they may non acknowledge. Freudian theory trades with the issue that the unconscious involves memories that stem from the individual # 8217 ; s childhood. Childhood memories may impact the individual today and may even be relayed through the unconscious. Through therapy, a individual may go aware of their jobs and other things that are trouble oneselfing them. Dreams besides have a manner of stating a individual about illness and disease. # 8220 ; Dreams are sometimes seeking to state a individual that he need to halt making something or get down making something for his ain good being # 8220 ; ( Garfield ) . # 8220 ; If we pay attending, our woolgathering consciousness will previse and rede us about wellness of our organic structures and the class of any disease procedure with which we are involved # 8220 ; ( Lukeman 4 ) . Shakespeare even states that slumber and dreams are # 8220 ; nature # 8217 ; s soft nurse # 8221 ; ( Cartwright 5 ) . Some people have a certain fright about dreams because dreams are portion of the unconscious and out of their control. They feel that if they have a dream about something like decease, so decease is in the close hereafter. # 8220 ; When covering with dre Ams like this, people would instead non happen out what the dream meansâ€Å" ( Lukeman 67 ) . Another manner of looking into the unconscious through personal readings of dreams. Once an single establishes a method of dream analysis they must make up ones mind what type of dream they are analysing. # 8220 ; There are seven types of dreams: the superconscious dream, limpid dream, incubuss, dark panics, sexual dreams, insistent dreams, and the subconscious dream. # 8220 ; Freud believed in the superconscious dream, the insistent dream, the sexual dream, and the regular subconscious dream # 8221 ; ( Ullman and Zimmerman, 1979 ) . Peoples have depended on dreams to steer them in their actions and besides for self-discovery for 100s of old ages. The assortment of dreams a individual can see farther proves the thought that proper dream reading in about impossible. # 8220 ; Learn your theories every bit good as you can, but put them aside when you touch the miracle of a life psyche # 8221 ; ( Jung, 1945 ) . Psychoanalytical therapy is a intervention that psychologists usage for assisting people to get the better of mental, physical and emotional torture. It is frequently called # 8220 ; the speaking remedy # 8221 ; . Sigmund Freud coined the term depth psychology. It was used on people who # 8220 ; suffered from anxiousness, phobic disorder, compulsions and irresistible impulses, crazes, hypochondriasis, physical jobs of psychological beginning # 8211 ; in short, all those said to hold neuroticisms # 8221 ; ( Hunt, 561 ) . It can be described as a # 8220 ; specific method of look intoing unconscious mental procedures and a signifier of psychotherapeutics # 8221 ; ( Encarta 1984 ) . Psychoanalytical therapy is based on the thought that the manner people act and think are non within one # 8217 ; s usual witting control. Many persons have a stereotype in respects to depth psychology, which has a patient prevarication on a sofa with the healer inquiring inquiries from a chair. The h ealer invites the patient to speak about his or her past, cholers, frights, and phantasies. This signifier of speaking helps the patient addition control of their life by stating the healer his or her demands, motives in life, wants, and memories. Sometimes a patient will defy speaking to the healer and the healer in bend will non talk for drawn-out periods of clip. A patient # 8217 ; s refusal to speak may stem from past events that have been brought up in conversation. Transference is another job that sometimes occurs through the class of the therapy. This job occurs when the patient feels certain strong emotions towards the healer. Josef Breuer was the first healer to enter this type of state of affairs. Anna O was a patient of Breuer # 8217 ; s who had been # 8220 ; profoundly attached to her male parent and had nursed him during his unwellness until she became bedfast with terrible hysterical symptoms # 8221 ; ( Hunt, 172 ) . Certain emotions can be either a strong feeling of love, or a strong feeling of hatred ( Antrobus ) . # 8220 ; The analysis of transference is a manner of investigation and verifying hypotheses about the unconscious motives behind incomprehensible behaviour # 8221 ; ( Hunt178 ) . Psychoanalytical therapy is successful for the patient every bit shortly as the patient is comfy with himself in relation to their feelings. Achieving complete recovery can take a life-time. Through persevering work, nevertheless, a individual may be able to return to his normal, healthy province of head and life. Hypnotherapy is another signifier of therapy that uses the subconscious and woolgathering to understand and analyse what the patient # 8217 ; s job could be. Using hypnosis, a healer may be able to look into the subconscious. The subconscious besides holds the feelings that one has associating to the individual # 8217 ; s topographic point that they hold in the universe. This type of therapy can assist the patient to face his or her frights, emotional jobs, and physical jobs. Scrutiny of hypnotherapy can be seen in a figure of findings by Elizabeth Loftus. Although Loftus # 8217 ; s research focused on eyewitness testimony, much of what she discovered can be taken into consideration in respects to hypnosis. In her research she found that the manner a sentence is phrased could straight impact in the manner it is answered. The inquiries were posed # 8220 ; Did you see a broken headlamp? # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Did you see the broken headlamp? # 8221 ; ( Loftus, 1974: Loftus A ; Z anni, 1975 ) # 8220 ; The article # 8220 ; a # 8221 ; does non needfully convey the deduction of being # 8221 ; ( Pettijohn, 154 ) . # 8220 ; One uses # 8220 ; the # 8221 ; when one assumes the object referred to exists and may be familiar to the hearer # 8221 ; ( Pettijohn, 154 ) . The consequences of this showed that when something is implied to be at that place, person is more likely to province that they saw it. This type of word use shows how a healer could misdirect a patient to believe that there is concealed significance to a idea or to an event. Hypnosis was used really frequently as an anaesthetic during surgery. The patient would non hold any other type of anaesthetic in his or her organic structure. # 8220 ; Since World War II, it has slipped softly and discreetly into the clinical mainstream, to the point where the America Medical Association, many HMOs and even Medicare now recognize it # 8221 ; ( Jackson 128 ) . Hypnosis could assist the patient live a much more fulfilling life with new assurance about themselves and the universe. The usage of this type of therapy can really trip one # 8217 ; s involvement and potency in assorted activities one engages oneself in that one finds interesting. Psychiatrists, medical physicians, psychologists, and other people have tried it. # 8220 ; Peoples have used hypnotherapy for two centuries to handle people with different illnesss and hurting # 8221 ; ( Jackson 127-128 ) . Each clip one experiences hypnosis, the more in deepness the concentration is for the patient. Though dee per concentration sounds more curative for the patient, it is non. The deeper the hypnotic province, the more likely it is that one will see loss of consciousness and hallucinations. Hypnosis skills allow the patient to wholly loosen up, therefore decelerating down all parts of the organic structure, including the nervous system, respiratory system and the patient # 8217 ; s encephalon moving ridges ( Churchill ) . Rosalind Cartwright has studied dreams for 35 old ages. She states that # 8220 ; Dreams give us a opportunity to confront state of affairss from existent life while our organic structures are wholly at easiness # 8221 ; ( Williams 99 ) . Dreams revolve around things that one has experienced in the yesteryear, and can be influenced by events that are current in one # 8217 ; s head. They can be used to assist work out jobs that person is covering with. Cartwright calls woolgathering one # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; internal healer # 8221 ; ( Williams 99 ) . Peoples who have c ertain phobic disorders have been known to handle their phobic disorder by themselves without any psychiatric aid. # 8220 ; Dreams help people to get the better of obstructions and assist the people learn more about themselves and the lives that they live # 8220 ; ( Williams 99 ) . Dreams can stand for many different countries of people # 8217 ; s lives. Dreams can relay things to a individual that he or she are non even cognizant of. Interpreting one # 8217 ; s dream is a method of self-discovery that lets one in on parts of his or her life that he or she neer could hold imagined. Carl Jung is right ; it is good to larn the theories on dreams but retrieve what dreams are # 8230 ; # 8220 ; a life soul. # 8221 ; To seek to understand the unconscious head is a really hard undertaking. Without holding a concrete manner to analyze it, this country could stay one of pure guess. We could go forth it up to healers inquiring inquiries, but that will non give us the proper reply. Possibly the replies to this inquiry have already been presented to us in our dreams, and it is being left to each person to decode the message the manner in which they see fit. Antrobus, J. Dream Theory 1997: Toward a Computational Neurocognitive Model. 16 Feb. 2000. Cartwright, J. and Lamberg, L. Crisis Dreaming: Using Your Dreams to Solve Your Problems. Harper Collins Publishers: New York, 1992 Churchill, R. The Transformational Nature of Hypnotherapy: Become the Dream: The Transforming Power of Hypnotic Dreamwork. Transforming Press, 1997. Collier # 8217 ; s Encyclopedia, Vol. 8. 1984. # 8220 ; Dreaming. # 8221 ; Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation. Freud, S. Beyond the Pleasure Principal. New York: Liveright Publication, 1950. Freud, S. ( 1900 ) . The Interpretations of Dreams. New York: Random House. ( c1950 Random House Trans by A.A. Brill ) Garfield, P. The Healing Power of Dreams. Simon A ; Schuster: New York, 1981. Hunt, M. The Story of Psychology, Anchor Books: New York, 2000. Jackson, D. Hypnotism: You Will Feel No Pain. Smithsonian Mar. 1999: 126-140. Jung, C. On the Nature of Dreams. Jungian Psychology Articles Web Site. Retrieved January 30, 2000 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cgjung.com/articles/cgjdream.html Kalb, C. # 8220 ; What Dreams Are Made of. # 8221 ; Newsweek Nov. 8, 1999. 77 Loftus, E.F. # 8220 ; Reconstructing memory. The unbelievable eyewitness # 8220 ; Psychology Today, 1974,8 116-199. Loftus, E.F. , A ; Zanni, G. # 8220 ; Eyewitness testimony: The influence of the diction of a inquiry # 8220 ; . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1975, 5, 86-88 .Lukeman, A. What Your Dreams Can Teach You. St. Paul, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications, 1990. Pettijohn, F.P. Noteworthy Choices in Psychology, Dushkin/McGraw-Hill: Guilford, 2000. Ullman, M. and Zimmerman, N. Working With Dreams. New York: Delacrote Press, 1979 Williams, Gurney. # 8220 ; What make your dreams intend? # 8221 ; McCall # 8217 ; s Aug. 1998: 98-101.

Tension in Macbeth, Act 2 Essay Example

Tension in Macbeth, Act 2 Paper How does Shakespeare create tension in Act 2, scenes 1 and 2? Shakespeares Macbeth is a play that develops around tension all the way through. Shakespeare manages to create tension in a variety of ways in terms of the thematic aspects, linguistic aspects and dramatic aspects. Act II (scenes I and 11) is the part of Macbeth where Lady Macbeth and her husband (Macbeth) actually carry out their plans and do the deed. Instead of planning and talking about killing King Duncan of Scotland, the Macbeths go ahead and actually do it. Tension is built up before the killing in scene I and also in scene II when Macbeth reappears having done the deed. We can see the Macbeths reactions and feelings to their crime and if the characters are uneasy or on edge, then it adds to the tension. Act II, scene 1, starts off at night, in fact after midnight. In Shakespeares time midnight was considered to be the witching hour. Shakespeares use of the concept of darkness is an excellent way of creating tension because many people have a deep founded fear of the dark. The darkness can be seen in the language, The moon is down and in the Royal Shakespeare Company production of Macbeth an eerie atmosphere is created through dim lighting. We will write a custom essay sample on Tension in Macbeth, Act 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tension in Macbeth, Act 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tension in Macbeth, Act 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This version of Macbeth uses pauses and silence by the characters in order to create tension. Also evil things come from the dark; Banquo says All the candles are out, meaning there are no starts in the sky. Banquo finds it difficult to get to sleep because of cursed thoughts. This language shows us that Banquo is obviously very anxious and fear is plaguing his imagination. The semantic field of sleep is very clear at this point in Macbeth, in particular in Act II, scene II. Banquo shouts Give me my sword, suggesting that he is edgy and anxious despite being in his friends castle. For me, it wouldnt be the sort of command you would shout unless you were disturbed by something and of course we know that Banquo is extremely fearful due to either his worry about the witches prophecies or it is a possibility that he suspects Macbeth. Banquos worry about the witches was something shared by the society in Shakespearian times, who were very fearful of the supernatural. Therefore the references to the supernatural would have increased tension amidst the audience. The actual theme of killing the King certainly creates the utmost tension in itself. In Shakespearian times the King was seen as next to God, so to murder the King i. e. commit treason would be a wicked sin, for which the killer would be cut off from God. There is a stark contrast in Banquos and Macbeths manner. Banquo speaks his mind and is open about his feelings whereas Macbeth hides his true feelings. When Banquo says I dreamt last night of the three weird sisters, Macbeths response is I think not of them. The audience knows this is a blatant lie and Macbeth isnt telling his friend Banquo of his true feelings and what he is really feeling inside. Shakespeare uses dramatic irony here to create tension, where we (the audience) know more than the characters do. Another key point at this moment in the play, where Macbeth and Banquo are speaking, is the tone they speak to each other in. They speak to each other in a very polite, formal way, which shows how nervous they are; this in turn communicates itself to the audience. The soliloquy is a very poignant part of Act II, scene I and for Shakespeare it is a crucial way in which he can create tension. Basically Macbeth thinks he sees a bloody dagger in mid air, which seems to be leading him to Duncans chamber. Tension is created, as the audience can see that Macbeth is hallucinating, which will clearly make them think that Macbeth is being deeply psychologically affected by the plan to murder King Duncan. Macbeth himself even exclaims, Or art thou a dagger of the mind, a false creation. The soliloquy includes the line And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood. These are very grim words, which add to the tension. Words such us blood and blade are very strong connotations of violence. They create an evil, horrible image of death in the mind of those in the audience. The recurring semantic field of death keeps on reminding the audience of the impending murder. Macbeths personification of murder undoubtedly creates a lot of tension. The audience can feel this tension as Macbeth describes the murder as a person. I think tension is very high at this point in the play because Macbeth appears to be verging on madness. The imaginary sword that Macbeth sees in his hallucination contrasts with the real one he eventually pulls out. In Polanskis film version of Macbeth, use is made of a super imposed dagger. In my opinion this ploy spoils the soliloquy and in fact has the opposite effect to the desired effect of creating tension; it destroys the tension and is definitely not as effective as seeing the intensity of an actor grabbing at nothing. This film version also makes use of a voice-over, rather than showing the actor speaking the words. This isnt as dramatically effective because the audience doesnt feel as close the character and his emotions. Immediately after the soliloquy comes the ringing of a bell, signalling that the action is about to commence. The audience has been waiting for this moment, for it is part of the Macbeths plans that the bell rings. Tensions among the audience would already be running high, and this sudden sound effect would increase the tension even more. I think the actual murder would not have been scripted by Shakespeare and he would be murdered offstage for two very important reasons. Firstly it leaves the audience in doubt and unaware of whether Macbeth has committed the murder or not; this would benefit the play because it would keep the audience intrigued, on the edge of their seats. Also the murder wouldnt be shown on stage due to the sensitivity of the public, who couldnt begin to comprehend the fact that someone might murder the King. It would be a blasphemous, atrocious crime. In Polanskis film we actually see the murder happen and personally do not think this a good idea as I would rather see the play with Duncans murder offstage. This because it creates more dubiety about the murder I would rather remain sceptical as to whether it has occurred or not. In Act II, scene II, Duncans murder takes place. The audience would be over come with anticipation and extremely eager to find out what happens next. At this point they are questioning whether or not Macbeth has stooped low enough to kill his King. The scene starts off with a defiant Lady Macbeth stating, That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold. She doesnt know whether Macbeth has followed through with their plans. She waits alone in anticipation on the stage. This creates suspense and is crucial to the dramatic aspect of the play. Macbeth on the other hand is off stage. Shakespeare structures it cleverly so that the audience sees characters on their own and together. He shows Macbeths worry through his line, Whos there. This shows Macbeths great concern that someone is there who might disturb him and identify him as the murderer. Lady Macbeth starts to become agitated and her optimism is gradually fading. She wonders whether the plan might have failed and Shakespeare shows this by Lady Macbeth saying lines such as I laid their daggers ready and He could not miss them. These show her real desperation at this point.

Susan B. Anthony Essays

Susan B. Anthony Essays Susan B. Anthony Essay Susan B. Anthony Essay Susan B. Anthony was born on 15th February 1820 to Lucy Read and Daniel Anthony. She was born in a Quaker family and brought up in West Grove, near Adam, Massachusetts as a second born in a family of seven siblings. Her father, Daniel Anthony, was a stern and open minded cotton manufacturer well known for his abolitionist character. Susan borrowed most of her characters and aspirations from her parents. Her mother, Lucy Read, once attended the Rochester Women’s convention in 1848 and signed the convention’s Declaration of sentiments. Susann’s parents enforced their children to have self discipline, principled conviction and have a strong sense of self worth. Susan B. Anthony was a very intelligent child, having learned how to read and write at a very young age of three. Her family moved to Battenville, New York when she was six years old. Her teacher refused to teach her long division because she was female. Upon this realization, her father placed Susan in a group home school and became their teacher. At the age of seventeen, her family moved to Hardscrabble where she took a teaching job to enable her pay off her father’s debts. The panic of 1837 and the economic depression that followed had ruined their family financially forcing his father to lose almost all their possessions. Susan Anthony ended her formal studies during this year because of the resultant financial difficulties in her family. Her first teaching job was at Eunice Kenyon’s Friends’ Seminary and later at Canajoharie Academy where she became the headmistress of the female department. Her teaching occupation furthered her will to fight for women. As a female teacher, she fought for wages equivalent to those of her male counterparts who were earning four times more than females for the same duties. She quit her teaching job at the age of twenty nine and moved to their family farm in Rochester, New York. It was in Rochester that Susan B. Anthony started to attend conventions and gatherings prepared by the temperance movement. (Mobley 55) She also started to attend the local Unitarian Church and at the same time began to detach herself from her Quakers’ origin. She would later cite her reason for distancing herself from the Quakers as the hypocritical use of alcohol by some of the Quaker preachers. She would eventually continue to distance herself from organized religion in general. The young Susan B. Anthony was extremely self conscious of how she looked and spoke. Though she would later become an eloquent and influential public speaker, she resisted to speak in public for fear that she would not be eloquent enough. (Patriot 11) Social activism As indicated earlier, Susan B. Anthony borrowed a leaf from her parents but took her activism to an extra level. At a tender age of sixteen, she took two petition boxes opposing slavery in response to a ‘gag rule’ against such petitions in the House of Representatives. Her activism started ‘officially’ when she became the secretary for the activists’ group Daughters of Temperance. Daughters of Temperance gave Susan Anthony for the first time a forum to speak about the ills of abusing alcohol. Her position as a secretary for the Daughter of Temperance could rightfully be said to be her initiation to the public limelight. (Blackwell 101)

10 estados que pagan más y menos impuestos al salario

10 estados que pagan ms y menos impuestos al salario En los 50 estados de Estados Unidos se pagan los mismos impuestos federales. Pero los impuestos a las ventas, sobre la propiedad y al salario –conocidos en algunos paà ­ses como a la renta o sobre los ingresos– pueden ser ms altos o ms bajos segà ºn el estado o, incluso, de las ciudades. Por esta razà ³n los nuevos emigrantes o los empresarios que deseen iniciar una actividad econà ³mica en el paà ­s deberà ­an tener en cuenta este factor a la hora de decidir dà ³nde vivir o donde abrir un negocio. Ya que hay que contar siempre con el dinero que hay que pagar en concepto de impuestos. Ya que existen impuestos estatales y tambià ©n locales es difà ­cil hacer una comparacià ³n y por ello se sigue en este artà ­culos los clculos realizados por la The Tax Foundation. En este artà ­culo se informa de los 10 estados en los que ms impuestos estatales al salario se pagan y los 10 que menos gravan a los residentes por este concepto. Adems, se incluye un listado de los condados con impuestos a la propiedad ms altos y ms bajos y, finalmente en quà © 10 ciudades se soporta la mayor carga impositiva. Este artà ­culo finaliza con un apartado dedicado a quià ©n es considerado residente fiscal en Estados Unidos y, por lo tanto, est obligado a pagar impuestos.  ¿Sabà ­a usted? En Estados Unidos el pago de impuestos varà ­a dependiendo del lugar adonde viva. El gobierno federal cobra impuestos sobre los ingresos y estos se pagan por igual en los 50 estados de EE.UU.Cada estado tambià ©n tiene la potestad de cobrar impuestos sobre los ingresos y sobre las ventas, y estos varà ­an segà ºn el estado. Los gobiernos locales, ya sea la ciudad o el condado, cobran impuestos sobre las propiedades. El porcentaje a pagar depende de la localidad donde se viva, y puede variar enormemente en un mismo estado. 10 estados donde se pagan menos impuestos al salario En la actualidad, un total de 7 estados no tienen impuesto al salario. Son los siguientes: AlaskaDakota del SurFloridaNevadaTexasWashingtonWyoming Adems, 2 estados no graban al salario aunque sà ­ tienen un impuesto sobre intereses y dividendos. Son los siguientes: Nuevo HampshireTennessee Finalmente, en Pennsylvania sà ­ hay impuestos al salario pero estn limitados al 3,07%. Destacar que como regla general los estados que menos impuestos cobran son, al mismo tiempo, los que menos servicios sociales brindan. Hay una correlacià ³n importante en este punto, si bien el mà ­nimo en asistencia social que se fija por ley federal es igual en todos los estados. 10 estados en los que se pagan ms impuestos al salario Cabe destacar que a la hora de pagar los impuestos hay que sumar a mayores los federales que son iguales en todo el paà ­s. Adems resaltar que cada estado tiene sus propias reglas sobre exenciones, deducciones y crà ©ditos a la hora de gravar a sus residentes. California: 13,3%Hawaii: 11%Oregà ³n: 9,9%Minnesota: 9,85%Iowa: 8,98%New Jersey: 8,97%Vermont: 8,95%D.C., que no es un estado pero se incluye por ser la capital del paà ­s: 8.95%Nueva York: 8,82%Wisconsin: 7,65% Adems, Nueva York y Nueva Jersey se encuentran entre los estados que ms graban a los negocios.  ¿Dà ³nde se pagan ms y menos impuestos sobre las propiedades en EE.UU.? El impuesto sobre la propiedad es local, es decir, no depende ni del gobierno federal ni del estado. En la actualidad 3 condados en Nueva Jersey son los que ms pagan en este concepto: Passaic: 8,79% de los ingresosEssex: 8,25%Union: 8,13% Por el contrario, 3 parroquias en Louisiana son los lugares en los que menos se paga en concepto de impuesto a la propiedad: Grant Parish: 0,26%Assumption Parish: 0,26%Vernon Parish: 0,25% 10 ciudades en las que ms impuestos se paga en EE.UU. La combinacià ³n de impuestos federales, estatales, locales a la propiedad, a las ventas, a la gasolina y otros impuestos locales hace que las siguientes sean las 10 ciudades donde realmente se pagan ms impuestos, de mayor a menor: Bridgeport, ConnecticutPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaMilwaukee, WisconsinPorland, MaineProvidence, Rhode IslandColumbus, OhioBaltimore, MarylandLouisville, KentuckyDetroit, MichiganWilmington, Delaware  ¿Cundo se pagan los impuestos federales? Para la mayorà ­a de las personas se presentan sà ³lo una vez al aà ±o y conjuntamente las planillas federales y las estatales y serà ­a cualquier dà ­a antes del 15 de abril o ese dà ­a.   Pero dependiendo de las circunstancias, de si se tiene una empresa o se es freelance, o de si se es ciudadano estadounidense pero se reside habitualmente fuera de los Estados Unidos, etc, hay otras fechas que respetar. Quià ©nes deben pagar impuestos Todas las personas con residencia fiscal en Estados Unidos deben pagar impuestos. Y hay que tener presente que la residencia fiscal y la migratoria son cosas muy distintas. Asà ­, un inmigrante indocumentado no tiene estatus legal, pero sà ­ est obligado a pagar impuestos por sus ingresos. Muchos  utilizan un nà ºmero de ITIN  para cumplir con esta obligacià ³n, aunque en principio no est pensado para este fin. Como es un tema muy delicado, lo ms prudente y aconsejable es hablar con un fiscalista y/o un abogado de inmigracià ³n. Los residentes permanentes legales y los ciudadanos americanos estn obligados a pagar impuestos en Estados Unidos por todos sus ingresos, aà ºn cuando estos se generen en el exterior. Esto tambià ©n aplica a los ciudadanos estadounidenses que viven temporal o definitivamente en otro paà ­s, es decir, a los expatriados. Esto no quiere decir necesariamente que tengan que pagar, pero sà ­ que hay una obligacià ³n de reportar y luego ya se ver segà ºn monto de ingresos y posibles acuerdos firmados entre EU y el paà ­s en el que se est viviendo. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Factors leading to the collapse of Northern Rock and their current Dissertation

Factors leading to the collapse of Northern Rock and their current position - Dissertation Example After that it started to adapt aggressive steps in order to move high. The slowdown in the housing price inflation and an increase in the interest rate, Northern Rock issued warning regarding the profit of the bank. Soon the liquidity of the bank started to dry up and eventually pushed it towards collapse. The study tries to find out the factors that are responsible for the collapse of such a huge bank that was showing good business. At the same time it also focuses on the present condition of the bank. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Chapter 1: Introduction 4 Chapter 2: Collapse of Northern Rock 5 Before Collapse 5 Reasons behind its collapse 7 Current Position 11 Chapter 3: Conclusion 12 REFERENCES 14 Chapter 1: Introduction The subprime mortgage financial crisis caused a steep rise in the subprime mortgage market of United States that started in the fall of year 2006 and became the cause of global financial crisis on July 2007. The newly-popular adjustable rate mo rtgages suffered an increase in the monthly payment due to the rising interest rates. Moreover the demise of the housing bubble caused the value of the property to suffer major decline leaving the house owners unable to meet their financial commitment and the leaders without any means of their losses. This financial crisis resulted into severe credit crunch, intimidating the solvency of many marginal banks and other financial institutions (Jansen, Beulig and Linsmann, 2010). Northern Rock was one of such banks that were severely hit by the waves of financial crisis. Among the entire spill over effects of the subprime crisis in US, the collapse of Northern Rock was the first in UK and was considered to be the most visible and perturbing for the authority of UK. This collapse exposed the tension that the central banks need to take some more stringent steps in order to enhance the liquidity support facilities. It also highlighted on the inherent difficulties that lay with the tripartite arrangements made to deal with the banking crisis, the deficiencies in the banking supervision and regulation in UK and the flaws evident in the deposit protection arrangement of UK (Hall, 2008). It also revealed the fragility of the banking system of UK, by shaking the complacency of the regulators, politicians and bankers, undermining the confidence of the general public on the banking system of UK and creating a calamitous effect on the economy of UK. All these reasons make it important to understand the situation that led to the collapse of Northern Rock. Hence the study highlights on the causes of collapse of Northern Rock and its current position. Chapter 2: Collapse of Northern Rock Before Collapse Northern Rock was the eighth largest bank of United Kingdom (UK). At the beginning of the year 2007 it was riding high and in June 2007, the share prices of the bank were seen to touch 1,000p and at the same time it announced that it has sold mortgage worth ?10.7bn, which was 47% higher than the figures of 2006. After it was demutualised in the year 1997, Northern Rock started growing rapidly in order to become the fifth largest mortgage lender of UK. The aggressive expansion of Northern Rock was funded by heavy reliance on unsecured and secured borrowings. About 50% of the funding came from securitization through a special purpose vehicle called Granite. The funds and retail deposits were seen to fall from 62.7% in

Week 3 exercises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Week 3 exercises - Essay Example A long term liability is one that has to be repaid in more than 1 year. These include bonds, long term loans, debentures and other similar long term debts that the company takes from others and the repayment schedule is more than one year. A bond is a debt instrument which is used to borrow money. The organization in need of money issues bonds (the issuer); the lender who pays money to obtain bond is called bond holder. The bond holder gets interest payments on the bond at future dates. The principal is paid at future date also. The period of the bond is predefined and is called maturity. A bond is different than stock as the bond holder does not assume any ownership right on the company as compared to stock holders unless it is a convertible bond. Bond is an example of long term liabilities. A secured bond is one that has physical backing of an asset to ensure that bond holder’s capital is safe even if the issuer defaults on payments. This provides assurance to the lenders that their capital will be returned in case of any mishap to issuer organization. Some examples of secured bonds include mortgage bonds (which are backed by real estate) and equipment trust certificate (which are secured through company equipment). An unsecured bond, on the other hand, is one that is not backed by any security or collateral. In case of default, the bond holder would lose the invested funds and will have no recourse. As it is apparent, the risk in unsecured bonds is higher; but then these are issued at higher interest rates to attract investors. Unsecured bonds issued by government do not carry high interest rates. This is because these bonds are backed by the government and thus the risk of failure is quite low. A convertible bond is one that can be converted into common shares or cash, at a predefined rate. Convertible bond is a semi-debt, semi-equity like

Transcendentalism was a cult or so to say, a rejection of God Essay Example for Free

Transcendentalism was a cult or so to say, a rejection of God Essay Transcendentalism was a spiritual, philosophical, literary movement that took place in the Boston area between the 1830s and late 1840s (Buchanan 1). The main idea was that the soul of the individual is identical to the soul of the world and that it contains what the world contains, and that the mind can apprehend absolute spiritual truths directly without having to detour through authorities and senses. This idea revolved around idealism, which is defined as any theory positing the primacy of spirit, mind, or language over matter (Campbell 2-3). Some have stated that Transcendentalism was a cult or so to say, a rejection of God. In reality, the movement was a preference to explain an individual and the world in terms of this individual. The individual was considered to be the spiritual center of the universe. Though not a cult, transcendentalism has ties to major religions. From Puritanism we get morality and the doctrine of divine light. From the Quakers, comes the inner light. Then, with Unitarianism there is the belief of the individual, the true source of the moral light (Reuben 2). Lockean philosophy, which involves all objects of the understanding described to be ideas, and ideas are spoken of as being in the mind, as well as Calvinist beliefs were used to underwrite the belief in Christianity and to focus on science and cognizance (Bickman 2). Ralph Waldo Emerson explains the name and the idea behind the movement with his profound statement, It is well known to most of my audience, that the Idealism of the present day acquired the name of Transcendental, from the use of that term by Immanuel Kant, of Konigsberg, who replied to the skeptical philosophy of Locke, which insisted that there was nothing in the intellect which was not previously in the experience of the senses, by showing that there was a very important class of ideas, or imperative forms, which did not come by experience but through which experience was acquired: that these were intuitions of the mind itself; and he denominated them the Transcendental forms. With the Unitarian church, came the optimistic and rationalistic ideas which lead to Transcendentalism. William Ellery Channing, Andrews Norton, and Edward Everett were ministers and philosophers of this time who were tied with the church. They pretty much made the transcendentalists who they were (Bickman 2). Those who agreed with the ideas of the church and the ideas of Emerson joined a club named, The Transcendental Club. Emerson was the head of it, and Hedge, Francis, Clarke, and Alcott would meet at George Ripleys house to form this organization. The organization was formed to exchange the thought of new ideas in philosophy, theology, and literature, but the members never decided to come up with a new form of religion (Transcendentalism 333). The taken philosophical meaning of this organization was that the mans practical and imaginative faculties play a part in his apprehension of the truth. In the art and literature world was a creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life (327). Emerson was an educated man who studied at Harvard. He was a minister during the time of the Transcendental Club, and when his wife died, he decided to resign since he could not participate in communion. Emerson then decided to write poetic prose, essays with recurring themes (Emerson 1). He believed that reason is the highest faculty of the soul? what we mean by the soul itself; it never reasons, never proves, it simply perceives; it is wisdom (Campbell 4). With the ideas of oversoul, reason, wisdom, and perception, Emerson wrote what would be the most important essay in his life, Nature (Bickman 4). The focus of the essay was to describe the nature of life and how we are supposed to live. The essay helps to distinguish between macrocosm and microcosm, the difference in the world outside of an individual and that of the world inside (Campbell 4). The introduction expresses how a creature is to interact with God, how nature has no secrets, and how nature is divided between body and soul. After the introduction, Emerson divides the essay into sections titled as Nature, Commodity, Beauty, Language, Discipline, Idealism, Spirit, and Prospects. Throughout these chapters come this Transcendental / Romantic idea. There are no secrets in this form of intervention. Reality is split into nature and the soul (Steinhart 1). By going outside and looking at the stars, you can have a direct relation with nature, but your mind must be open. Emerson mentions, I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God. He explains how open minded a person can be, and how they can connect with the oversoul through this process (2). Nature is only here to serve for our human needs, so it needs to be used wisely (3). Nature is also strict truth without ambiguity, and it can be perceived as an incarnation of God (8, 11). Emerson and other Transcendentalists believe that humans have the mental power and capacity to power over our own bodies (11). In other words, we control what goes on in our life by using our mind. And towards the end of the essay, comes the idea that when we are saved and restored, in the end we as beings will have the powers equal to those of God (13). Emerson was not the only Transcendental writer. Others included Margaret Fuller, Theodore Parker, Jones Very, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, and the original Dr. William Ellery Channing. The closest known to Emerson would have to be Henry David Thoreau. Thoreau also grew up in Massachusetts and while in college studied Emersons Nature (Great? 1-2). The essay influenced Thoreau to keep a journal of his philosophies. The most influential journal published would be Walden (2). Walden is an autobiography / pastoral / extended familiar essay / literary excursion that pulls the reader into a mythic time that can be related to the present (6). Overall, the journal explains to the reader why the spiritual discipline is necessary for coming into the presence and possession of the sacred world (7). Transcendentalism was the living force that seemed to be extinguished as quickly as the flame started. Perry Miller, a professor at Harvard, says Parker killed himself with overwork, and Thoreau expanded himself; Emerson dissolved into aphasia, Ripley subsided into disillusion, Hedge became a Harvard professor? Brownsun became a catholic, as did Sophia Ripley, and Elizabeth Peabody became a ? character. In the end, Emerson and Thoreau were easily the most well known out of the Transcendentalists. Emersons essays and Thoreaus Walden seemed to be more popular than the rest of the group (Bickman 4). The thoughts of the Transcendentalists still live on, but as for the writing, it has pretty much ended. Personally, I highly recommend that everyone should read at least one piece from the Transcendentalism period. The reading is very influential and gets the reader thinking about life and how things fall together. The readings also change the readers perception of religion and could bring on an interest in theology. From reading Nature and Walden myself, I became hooked on the thought of the oversoul and the internal light within us. The stories impacted my spiritual being, as well as my mind. The philosophies of Transcendentalists also make the reader wonder where the thoughts come from and how they derive these thoughts. In all, it is in a way needed that everyone reads some of the Transcendentalists work, just for a change in thought. Works Cited Bickman, Martin. An Overview of American Transcendentalism. Internet. Available: http://www. vcu. edu/engwed/transcendentalism/ideas/definition. html 6 Apr 2004. Campbell, Donna M. American Transcendentalism. Literary Moments. Internet. Available: http://www. gonzaga. edu/faculty/campbell/enl311/amtrans. html 6 Apr 2004. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Internet. Available: http://www. poets. org/poets. cfm? prmID=205 19 Apr 2004. Great Thinkers of the World. HarperCollins Publishers, 1999. 372. Reuben, Paul P. Chapter 4: Early Nineteenth Century ? American Transcendentalism: A Brief Introduction. PAL: Perspectives in American Literature ? A Research and Reference Guide. Internet. Available: http://www. csustan. edu/english/reuben/pal/chap4/4intro. html 6 Apr 2004. Steinhart, Eric. Commentary on Ralph Waldo Emersons Nature. Internet. Available: http://www. wpunj. edu/cohssi/philosophy/COURSES/PHIL218/NATURE. HTM 6 Apr 2004. Transcendentalism. The Cambridge History of American Literature. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1917. 326 348.

Gay and Lesbian Visibility in Movies and Television :: essays research papers fc

The 1990s saw surge of gay characters in both television and movies. From Ellen Degeneres and her character Ellen Morgan coming out under much scrutiny on the TV show ‘Ellen,’ to Julia Roberts and Rupert Everett comedically playing off each other in the motion picture ‘My Best Friend’s Wedding.’ Sure, gays and lesbians have been around forever, especially in Hollywood. But never has there been a time to be more out. With the popularity of shows like Will and Grace, which feature leading gay characters, as well as Dawson’s Creek and it’s supporting character of teenager Jack McPhee, we are slowly seeing gay and lesbian characters creeping into the mainstream media.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The family unit has always been a treasured and revered dynamic on television and in movies. Dating all the way back to I Love Lucy, storylines focused on the relationship between man and woman. Ozzie and Harriet introduced us to the quintessential American family—father in a suit, mother in pearls, and two exceptional children. It wasn’t until the 1970s that gay characters and lifestyles began to emerge. In 1973, An American Family, a PBS series featured one of the family’s sons revealing his homosexuality. In 1977, the television show Soap costarred Billy Crystal as an openly gay man. In the 1980s, it became trendy to feature gay and lesbian characters in ensemble casts. If you watch reruns, you can always find the token gay, that is, the really flaming homo or the butch lesbian gym teacher. The motion picture Mannequin, starring Andrew McCarthy and Kim Catrall, featured Meshach Taylor as Hollywood, an eccentric, finger-snapping homosexual. Many stereotypes such as these continued until the early nineties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1991, on LA Law, two women share the first same sex kiss on prime time television. A few years later, NBC’s hit show FRIENDS featured Ross Gellar’s ex wife as a lesbian, raining a child with her female partner. At the same time, the FOX network censored a gay same sex kiss on Melrose Place, a show known for pushing limits. Around the same time, censors and right wing groups were up in arms over a kiss shared by Roseanne and Mariel Hemmingway. In the end, that kiss was also censored. But things were slowly evolving in the movies. Independent films had been featuring gays and lesbians as main characters, depicting real life and real relationships. Armistead Maupin’s Tales of The City revolved around a homo-hetero pairing.

Huckleberry Finn Essay

Theme, structure and social characteristics as the literary elements, highlighting the spiritual growth of the main characters in â€Å"My Name is Asher Lev†, â€Å"Emma† and â€Å"Huckleberry Finn† The present paper is designed to discuss three novels about moral maturation and the growth of self-awareness, â€Å"Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, whose protagonist is Huckleberry Finn, Jane Austen’s â€Å"Emma†, named after the protagonist and â€Å"My Name is Asher Lev† by Chaim Potok, whose main character is Asher Lev. Notably, the authors necessarily indicate the protagonists’ names in the titles, underlining their moral and psychological development as a central plotline. The literary elements of theme, structure and protagonist’s social characteristics actually strengthen the reader’s understanding of the character’s spiritual growth: Lev’s novel demonstrates’ the protagonist’s liberation from the community bonds through the lens of the theme of social pressure, Twain’s writing – the progress of Huck’s humanistic views underlining the theme of slavery, Austen’s work – Emma’s psychological maturation, through prioritizing the theme of marriage, moreover, all works by their structure provide the mistakes made by the protagonists on their path and thus make clear to the reader that development is not a smooth and gradual process, whereas the change or stability of sociological characteristics pay reader’s attention either to the connection between self-awareness and social position or to the purely inner revolution. The characters actually perfect very distinct aspects of self awareness: Emma, for instance, overgrows the selfish and infantile girl, whose main interest is manipulating the others’ fates (as she appears at the beginning), Asher Lev realizes that he is actually an independent personality rather than the subject of the Hassidic community after being judged for depicting the his mother’s anguish, whereas Huckleberry Finn, who has never considered carefully the issue of racial equality, begins to realize his humanistic views and oppose the oppression of slaves and the split of their families. Due to the fact that the major theme in â€Å"My Name is Asher Lev† is community bonds and the conflict itself develops in terms of the weakening of the commitment to the groups of Hassids (Walden, 1985), the protagonist, who is a bright and unordinary individuality, should ascend over the blind observance of community tradition and learn to distinguish himself from the group. Therefore, his development is associated with individuation and learning of his ego and the religious conflict results in the development of Asher’s ability to assert his self: â€Å"So it is time for the defense, for a long session in demythology. But I will not apologize. It is absurd to apologize for a mystery†(Potok, 1998, at http://search. barnesandnoble. com). The theme of marriage as the leading one in â€Å"Emma† is also related to the main character’s development: whereas at first, Emma views marriage as a game, popular in her environment, she is still not infantile to understand that this specific type of partnership is based necessarily on strong affection after developing the feelings for her brother-in-law; whereas at the beginning she has fear for the responsibility associated with marriage. The theme of slavery also supports the reader’s understanding of the young protagonist’s moral growth in â€Å"Huckleberry Finn†: â€Å"I’m low down; and I’m a-going to steal him† (Twain, 1999, Ch. 33); as one can understand, Huck no longer views Jim as property, but in order to persuade Tom, he recognizes his own inclination to wrongdoing and takes entire responsibility for the stealing the slave. The structure of the stories is generally similar: the greatest part of the plot is dedicated to depicting the behavioral imperfections of the protagonist, so that the reader can feel the protagonist is an ordinary person, whose growth is based upon his/her own mistakes. For instance, â€Å"Emma† at first depicts an arrogant and class-conscious girl saying â€Å"The yeomanry are precisely the order of people with whom I feel I can have nothing to do† (Austen, 2001, Vol. 1 Ch. 4) and throughout the first two parts she acts as a quarrelsome person, whereas her later reasoning can be characterized as wiser: â€Å"I think Harriet is doing extremely well â€Å"(Austen, 2001, Vol. 3, Ch. 28), i. e. she approves of her best friend’ marriage to the farmer, having got the idea of love and letting it in. Beyond mistakes, Potok’s and Twain’s protagonists also encounter difficulties and adversities, which shape their outlooks; for instance, Lev’s story can be divided into three parts (Walden, 1985): period of the teenage conflict with the environment, movement toward the goal in Kahn’s studio and the resolution of the conflict and individuation (Potok, 1972). Huck’s moral development is less gradual and actually consists of several insights: 1) first encounter with Jim as a fugitive slave and the initial desire to help him; 2) The loss of the companion after meeting the â€Å"aristocrats† and Jim’s imprisonment in Phelpses’ house. Finally, social characteristics of the protagonists are quite expressive themselves and point actually to the qualities to be changed. For instance, Emma is introduced as a girl with a degree of self-importance and class-based prejudice because of her upper class identity, but later she begins to understand her friend Harriet in her love for Martin and thus grows more open-minded; furthermore, her maturation is accompanied by the change of social characteristics, as Emma accepts Knightley’s proposition Huck Finn’s social characteristics remain practically the same, as the author seeks to maintain the reader’s focus on the advancement of his moral qualities, so that the adolescent still remains to some extent uncommitted to social norms (â€Å"Aunt Sally she’s going to adopt me and sivilize me, and I can’t stand it† (Twain 1999, Ch. 43), in spite of having developed his distinct attitude towards slavery. Asher Lev, in turn, drastically changes his social identity: the growth of his self-awareness and self-identity result in his alienation and separation from the community. To sum up, the reader’s understanding of the protagonist’s path toward self-awareness is to great extent manipulated by the authors: Jane Austen, Chaim Potok and Mark Twain design the plot structure, which underlines the failures and subsequent insights of the protagonist, embed the central theme into the main character’s spiritual growth and substantially change the protagonist’s social features, except Huck’s case, in which the focus on morality shift is broadened through remaining social characteristics stable. Reference list Austen, J. (2001). Emma. At http://ebooks. adelaide. edu. au/a/austen/jane/a93e/. Twain, M. (1999). Huckleberry Finn. At Potok, C. (1972). My Name is Asher Lev. Alfred A. Knopf. Potok, C. (1998). My Name is Asher Lev. At http://search. barnesandnoble. com/booksearch/isbninquiry. asp? ean=9781400031047&displayonly=EXC&z=y#EXC http://etext. virginia. edu/toc/modeng/public/Twa2Huc. html Walden, D. (1985). The World of Chaim Pot ok. State University of New York Press, 1985.

Dynamic Character Essay

In the novel, Fahrenheit 451, the main character, Guy Montag, qualifies as a dynamic character. A dynamic character is, by definition, a character that undergoes important changes throughout the course of the novel. Because he goes through a metamorphosis as he struggles through internal conflict during the novel, Guy Montag is a dynamic character. In the beginning, Montag is a very normal man relative to his society. He is a city fireman and burns books and houses without regret. Montag loves everything about his job; the power, the destruction of houses and books, and even the smell of the kerosene that he churns out daily. He even feels pride and satisfaction in the jobs he carries out. His change, though, soon begins when he meets with a peculiar girl named Clarisse. Clarisse makes Montag actually think, an uncommon thing in this peculiar society. Her pure innocence brings out a different side of him; one that doesn’t involve thoughtless burnings. He then, as a result of her insight, begins to question himself and even the society he lives in. Another influence on Montag is the suicidal woman whose house he was about to burn. He ponders what in books can be important enough to die for. Her gruesome suicide pushes Montag over the edge and he forces himself to finally open a book. Montag continues his metamorphosis from a heartless book burner to a philosophical learner. Guy continues gaining information and forming his opinion about his odd society. Montag soon realizes that there is no return from his change when he is forced to burn his own house and murder Beatty. In a way he is burning his own past and all that goes with it. His subsequent fleeing of the seen also symbolizes the final step in his change. It is Montag literally leaving his past of senselessness and destruction. Guy Montag becomes a sensible, book loving educator. His metamorphosis is complete with memorizing books in a contribution to end the norm of his  society. He makes a tremendous change both mentally and physically. Because of his change, though it caused him great hardships, Guy Montag is a dynamic character.

How to Get Into Business School

How to Get Into Business School Not everyone gets accepted into their business school of choice. This is especially true of individuals who apply to top business schools. A top business school, sometimes known as a first tier business school, is a school that is highly ranked among other business schools by multiple organizations. On average, fewer than 12 out of every 100 people who apply to a top business school will receive an acceptance letter. The higher ranked a school is, the more selective they tend to be. For example, Harvard Business School, one of the best-ranked schools in the world, rejects thousands of MBA applicants each year. These facts are not meant to discourage you from applying to business school - you cant be  accepted if you dont apply - but they are meant to help you understand that getting into business school is a challenge. You will have to work hard at it and take the  time to prepare your MBA application and improve your candidacy if you want to increase your chances of getting accepted to your school of choice.    In this article, were going to explore two things that you should be doing right now to prepare for the MBA application process as well as common mistakes that you should avoid in order to increase your chances of success. Find a Business School That Fits You There are many components that go into a business school application, but one of the most important things to focus on right from the start is targeting the right schools. Fit is essential if you want to get accepted into an MBA program. You can have outstanding test scores, glowing recommendation letters, and fantastic essays, but if you arent a good fit for the school you are applying to, you will most likely get turned away in favor of a candidate who is a good fit. Many MBA candidates start their search for the right school by looking at  business school rankings. Although rankings are important - they give you a great picture of the schools reputation - they are not the only thing that matters. To find a school that is a fit for your academic ability and career goals, you need to look beyond rankings and into the schools culture, people, and location. Culture: Business school culture is an important factor because it dictates the environment. Some schools have a close-knit, collaborative culture; others have a more competitive culture that encourages self-sufficiency. You need to ask yourself what kind of student you are and what type of environment you are most likely to thrive in.People: You will be spending a lot of time with the people in your incoming class. Would you prefer a large class or small intimate classes? And what about the professors? Do you want to be taught by people who value research or do you want professors who focus on application?Location: Cost of living, weather, proximity to family, networking opportunities, and internship availability are all affected by the location of your business school. A big city will likely come with more opportunities, but it may also be more expensive to study in this type of environment. A small college town or a rural setting could be more affordable, but may provide fewer opp ortunities for networking and culture. Find Out What the School Is Looking For Every business school will tell you that they work hard to build a diverse class and that they dont have a typical student. While that may be true on some level, every business school has an archetypical student. This student is almost always professional, business-minded, passionate, and willing to work hard to achieve their goals. Beyond that, every school is different, so you need to understand what the school is looking for to ensure that 1.) the school is a good fit for you 2.) you can deliver an application that fits their needs. You can get to know the school by visiting the campus, speaking to current students, reaching out to the alumni network, attending MBA fairs, and conducting good old-fashioned research. Seek out interviews that have been conducted with the schools admission officers, peruse the schools blog and other publications, and read everything you can about the school. Eventually, a picture will begin to form that shows you what the school is looking for. For example, the school may be looking for students who have leadership potential, strong technical abilities, the desire to collaborate, and an interest in social responsibility and global business. When you find that the school is looking for something you have, you need to let that piece of you shine in your  resume, essays, and recommendations. Avoid Common Mistakes Nobody is perfect. Mistakes happen. But you don’t want to make a silly mistake that makes you look bad to an admissions committee. There are a few common mistakes that applicants make time and time again. You might scoff at some of these and think that you would never be careless enough to make  that mistake, but keep in mind that the applicants who made these mistakes probably thought the same thing at one time. Recycling essays. If you are applying to multiple schools (and you should), it is important to write an original essay for each application. Dont recycle your MBA application essays. Admissions committees can spot this trick from a mile away. And if you do disregard this advice and decide to recycle the essay, remember to change the name of the school in the essay. Believe it or not, applicants make this mistake every year! If you submit an essay to Columbia explaining why you want to go to Harvard, the admissions committee will peg you as someone who doesn’t pay attention to detail - and theyll be right to do so.Not Sharing. Admissions committees look through a lot of essays every year. This can be extremely boring - especially when the essays are generic. The point of the essay is to help admissions committees get to know you, so let your personality shine. Demonstrate who you are. It will help your application.Skipping Optional Opportunities. Some business schools have opti onal essays or optional interviews. Dont make the mistake of skipping these optional opportunities. Show the school that you want to get in. Do the essay. Do the interview. And take advantage of every other opportunity that comes your way. Not Retaking the GMAT. GMAT scores are important to your application. If your scores arent falling in the range for the previous years entering class, you should retake the GMAT to get a better score. The Graduate Management Admission Council reports that approximately one-third of the people who take the GMAT take it at least twice, if not more. Most of these people increase their score the second time around. Be one of those people.

Reasons Why Some Dont Get into Graduate School

Reasons Why Some Don't Get into Graduate School Youve spent years preparing to apply to graduate school: taking the right courses, studying for good grades, and seeking appropriate experiences. Youve taken the time to prepare a solid application: GRE scores, admissions essays, recommendation letters, and transcripts. Yet sometimes it doesnt work out. You dont get in. The most qualified of students can do everything right and still sometimes not get admitted to graduate school. Unfortunately, the quality of your graduate school application isnt the only thing that determines whether you get into graduate school. There are other factors that have nothing to do with you that influence your acceptance. Just as in dating, sometimes Its not you, its me. Really. Sometimes a rejection letter is more about the graduate programs capacity and needs than about the quality of your application. Funding A loss of funding at the institutional, school, or department level can reduce the number of applicants they can support and accept.Fewer funds for Teaching and research assistantships can mean accepting fewer studentsMany students are admitted to work with particular faculty and are supported by faculty members grants. A change in grant funding means that some qualified students will not be admitted.You dont have control over any of these factors, but the availability of funding has a huge impact on the likelihood that you will be admitted to a graduate program. Faculty Availability Whether faculty are available and able to take on students influences the number of students who are accepted in any given year.Faculty are sometimes away on sabbaticals or leaves. Any students who would be accepted to work with them are often out of luck.Sometimes faculty are overloaded and do not have space in their lab for another student. Good applicants are turned away. Space and Resources Some graduate programs require that students have access to laboratory space and specialized equipment. These resources can accommodate only so many students.Other programs include internships and other applied experiences. If there are not enough slots, then well-prepared students do not get admitted to the graduate program. If you are rejected from your preferred graduate program, recognize that the reasons may not lie with you. Often there are factors are beyond your control that influence whether you are accepted to graduate school. That said, keep in mind that rejection is often due to applicant error or, more commonly, the poor fit between the applicants stated interests and the program. Pay attention to your admissions essay to ensure that your interests fit those of the faculty and program.

Crime analysis 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crime analysis 2 - Coursework Example Calls for service are among the most common types of information mapped by many police departments, according to a RAND study. (Schwabe, Davis, Jackson p. 22) However, calls for service do not reflect crime, they are simply calls for service until the officers arrive and assess or address the situation. One reason calls for service should not be used is that they do not necessarily represent crime occurring. Alternatively there is the possibility that the calls are regarding the same subjects, due to the potentially repetitive nature of the 911 call system if one used the service data they run the risk of redundant responses and data. Another reason why calls for service should not be used is that they can also contain errors that regularly occur as a result of information input at the time. This is reason enough to not utilize service data calls, though there is the additional reason that the calls themselves may in fact be false calls. Schwabe, Davis, Jackson, W, L, B. (2001) "Chal lenges and Choices for Crime-Fighting Technology Federal Support of State and Local Law Enforcement." RAND. 22. Print.

Analysis of Criminological Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Analysis of Criminological Theory - Assignment Example For the purpose of researching and understanding victimology, scholars thus developed theories that attempt to explain victimization and its causes, a few of the most common and important ones being victim precipitation theory, lifestyle theory, deviant place theory and routine activities theory (Siegel, p73). Victim precipitation theory suggests that some individuals cause or instigate a particular confrontation, which may ultimately lead to their victimization through injury or death. Such precipitation on the victim’s part can be either active or passive, with the active one existing following the victim’s deliberate provocative actions, use of threats or fighting words or simply attacks first. In rape cases, for instance, courts have presented not-guilty rulings anchored in whether or not the victim’s actions were in any way appearing to consent to sexual relations, for example, how a woman was dressed. Passive precipitation, on the other hand, transpires when the victim possesses features that inadvertently threatens or motivates the attacker. The existence of such crimes can be due to personal conflicts like two persons competing for a job, a promotion, a love interest or any other rare or desirable entity. It may also exist if a victim is involved in a particul ar group that threatens or offends someone's reputation, status or economic well-being. Research reveals that economic power reduces victimization risk since passive precipitation often exists in relation to power (Siegel, p73). Next is the lifestyle theory. Siegel asserts that majority of criminologists hold that individuals whose lifestyle increases their exposure to criminals are more likely to happen to be crime victims. Behaviors like residing in cities, associating with younger men and going out late at night raise the likelihood of falling victim to crime.

The Information Systems Development Life Cycle Assignment

The Information Systems Development Life Cycle - Assignment Example The researcher states that in the photograph printing store, the components (phases) in the SDLC will be the steps to be taken to migrate to a new computerized and more accurate (tamper-proof) employee time-entry system and analyzes each step. Planning – this is the very first or initial phase of the SDLC and ideas here are discussed such as what the proposed computerized system is expected to solve (problems like the lost punch cards, inaccurate timekeeping, and employee cheating – punching for an absent employee). The costs will also be discussed and the time frame needed to fully implement this new system. Creating – the hardware requirements will be specified including a software program to run the whole system. A total number of employees, backup systems, desired features and all other operational details are created at this point so that management expectations can be met. Testing – the new system will be tried if there are kinks or bugs in it so rem edies and patches can be applied immediately prior to actual implementation and avoid future problems. Deploying – once the new system is complete and fully operational (bug-free), it will now be implemented throughout the entire store and employees are required to use it. The new system can then be integrated into the firm’s payroll system to automatically compute wages and salaries for the employees based on their time records to generate a payroll.

Leadership Style: Indian Prime Minister

Leadership Style: Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi-one of the first female prime ministers in the world (preceded only by Sirimavo Bandaranaike who became prime minister of Sri Lanka in 1960), as well as the longest serving prime minister of India, the most populous democracy in the world-was an ideal candidate for this assignment. An exceedingly complex individual, Indira Gandhi was frequently perceived as a shy, aloof young woman. And yet her behavior as Prime Minister was engaged and aggressive, climaxing in her declaration of a State of Emergency in 1975. Born into Indias most prominent political family in 1917, Indira Nehru was immersed in politics from an early age. Stepping into the void left by her mothers untimely death in 1936, as a young woman she became her fathers hostess, a role that expanded into confidant and advisor over the ensuing years. After her fathers death in 1964, she accepted a minor portfolio in the Shastri government. Lal Bahadur Shastris subsequent death, two years later, made her the compromise choice of the ruling Congress Party hierarchy for the post of the prime minister, since she was thought to harbour no political ambitions of her own. Over the next 11 years, she proved to be a formidable political leader, consolidating her control over the party and the country, winning the 1971 war with Pakistan that saw the creation of Bangladesh, and declaring a State of Emergency in 1975. This latter action, a culmination of bitter relations with the opposition, led to her political defeat in the 1977 elections. Out of power for the next three years, she returned triumphantly in 1980, and ruled India with an increased determination to maintain herself in office. Not above manipulating communal grievances to stay in power, ironically she, herself, eventually fell victim of one of these crises. In 1984, she was assassinated by her own bodyguards, members of the Sikh community, thus ending a remarkable political career. Leadership Style: A New Synthesis While every scholar seems to have his or her own definition of leadership style, the underlying concepts appear to be similar-how the leader carries out the responsibilities of his or her office; more specifically, the leaders work habits, and how they relate to those around them. After reviewing various studies of presidential leadership style Hermann and Preston (1994) distilled five common leadership style variables involvement in the policymaking process, willingness to tolerate conflict, motivation for leading, and preferred strategies for resolving conflict. Kaarbo (1997, pp. 561-563) adopted and modified these five variables and added two variables from the literature on organizational leadership style-relations with members of the cabinet and task orientation. This study adapted five of the variables (motivation for leading, task orien- tation, cabinet management strategy, information management strategy, and rela- tions with the party) developed by Hermann and Preston (1980) and Kaarbo (1997, pp. 561-563), and added another five variables that examine the prime ministers relations with personnel, opposition parties, the media, and the public, and his/her investment in job performance. These have been grouped into three spheres of activity: first, the leader and his/her motivation, task orientation, and investment in job performance; second, the leader and the executive-cabinet and information management strategies; and third, the leader and relations with other personnel, caucus, the party, the opposition, and the media. Leadership Style of Indira Gandhi This section examines the empirical evidence of Gandhis leadership style: motivation for leading; task orientation; investment in job performance; management style, both with the cabinet and in the realm of information gathering; and her interpersonal relations with her associates, the caucus, the extra-parliamentary party, the opposition, the media, and the public. Results showed that she was motivated primarily by pragmatism and power, focusing on goals rather than process. With her cabinet, she functioned largely as an advocate for her goals and preferred to rely on independent sources of information. In her dealings with personnel, the party caucus, the extra-parliamentary party organization and the opposition parties, she was largely demanding, domineering, competitive, controlling, and oppositional. She was capable of being both accessible and friendly to the media as well as being hostile and closed, depending on the time period. It was only with the public that Indira demonst rated a consistent pattern or openness and warmth. Motivation The first leadership style variable centers around the question of a prime ministers motivation for leading. A survey of the literature has suggested that a variety of needs and incentives induce individuals to assume leadership positions in politics (see Kaarbo Hermann, 1998, pp. 251-252). The leader may be motivated by pragmatism (a belief in an obligation to the party to shape government policies along incremental lines); by personal validation (the wish to be popular and to be accepted); by an ideological agenda (a coherent system of political beliefs that shapes government policy); or a desire for power (dominance and control). In the area of motivation, it can be observed that notwithstanding a brief flirtation with socialism, Indira Gandhi was a decidedly non-ideological leader. Investment in Job Performance The amount of energy and time that a prime minister brings to the office is another variable of leadership style (Barber, 1972/1992). It demonstrates whether the leader places limits on the extent of the commitment to the office or whether there is a tireless outpouring of energy. Prime ministers may be interested primarily in the process of government, the building of concurrence, and the development of good relations among the members of cabinet, or they may be more goal oriented, focusing on specific ends and their implementation. Indira Gandhi was heavily involved in her role as Prime Minister. Politics took over her life as she travelled extensively crisscrossing India with extraordinary energy (Gupte, 1992, p. 331). A 16-hour or longer working day was the norm with very little time for family, friends, or relaxation (Frank, 2001, p. 355). Task Orientation The way in which the prime minister organizes the composition of and manages the decision-making process within the cabinet is another facet of leadership style. How are policy dilemmas resolved? To what extent is there involvement in the policy process? Who becomes part of the locus of decision making is also something the prime minister decides. In these activities, the prime ministers style may run the gamut from being largely uninvolved, to a consensus builder, to an arbitrator, and finally, to a strong advocate The empirical evidence indicates that Indira Gandhi was overwhelmingly concerned about task implementation and little concerned with the issue of building concurrence among her cabinet. Rather, she treated many of her cabinet colleagues as potential challengers, and if any grew too powerful, she saw to it that their powers were curbed, even if it meant dismissing capable individuals. Cabinet Management Although information in a cabinet setting is usually channelled through the various ministries, prime ministers will differ as to how they choose to review such information and how they relate to their close advisers. The same, of course, is true for presidents in a presidential system (George, 1980, 1988; George George, 1998; Hermann, 1978, 1987; Hermann Preston, 1995; Kaarbo, 1997). They may want all the facts about the problem or situation and do the interpretation themselves, or they may only be interested in seeing summaries and policy options. Of interest here is how much input the prime minister wants into the way problems and issues are framed and get onto the agenda. Strategy Indira Gandhis dealings with her cabinet demonstrated overwhelmingly that her preferred role was to act as an advocate, rather than a consensus builder, or arbitrator between various government ministers. But advocacy only partly captures the extent to which she dominated her colleagues; she dismissed those who might have challenged her and placed her favourites in senior government posts. Her advocacy was, in fact, an authoritative, peremptory exercise of power. Information Management Strategy In managing the flow of information that comes to the office, does the prime minister use a system of individuals to filter information and minimize direct involvement, or is close scrutiny more likely? Closely related is the question on which the prime minister relies for information. Does the prime minister prefer to receive policy relevant data from his cabinet and senior civil servants, or is there a reliance on other sources? As part of her overall activist stance as Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi demonstrated a high degree of involvement in the management of information, prefer- ring to search out what she wanted to know, rather than waiting for it to be presented to her. Relations with Personnel The final cluster of leadership style variables focuses on the prime ministers interpersonal relations with those with whom he/she works, i.e., state-level., governmental officials, members of the judiciary, etc., with his or her own party, with the opposition, the media, and the public. The prime minister interacts with a number of individuals on a daily basis. The extent of the involvement may be high or low; stylistically it may encompass patterns ranging from solicitous, to polite, attention seeking, demanding, and even exploitative. With both the caucus and the extra-parliamentary party organization, the prime minister may behave cooperatively or be competitive or combative and overbearing. Since conflict is a very pervasive element in cabinet life, especially in highly factional single party cabinets and in coalition cabinets (see t Hart, 1994), the management of party relations by a prime minister is extremely important. Indira Gandhis dealings with her aides, advisers, and members of other branches of government were coded for the degree of involvement and the type of behavior exhibited. Relations with other stakeholders Analysts have also focused on how the leader carries out or implements decisions, the way in which the leader mobilizes, orchestrates, and consolidates support for his or her policy decisions (Renshon, 1996a, 1996b). Does the prime minister attempt to sell policies by going beyond the party and parliament to appeal to the public at large? Does he or she try to educate or manipulate the public? Or does the leader display little direct engagement with the public, preferring government officials to articulate and defend government policy? Those prime ministers who focus on policy achievements are more likely to use the office of the prime minister as a bully pulpit, while those who stress the policy process will be less inclined to try to generate additional support among the attendant public. I . Party Caucus and Extra-Parliamentary Party Organization Indira Gandhis relationship with the party caucus-and more particularly her cabinet colleagues-was overwhelmingly contentious from 1966 until 1970. From 1970 on, as power shifted from the Cabinet to the Prime Ministers Secretariat, her relations with the party caucus became manipulative/exploitative. Later, power would shift even more to the Prime Ministers house next door (Frank, 2001, p. 354). The party caucus and the cabinet increasingly assumed a rubber stamp function and the cabinet no longer operated as a center of policy making. Indiras relations with the party organization largely mirrored those with the party caucus. Given the nature of her competitive and controlling relationships with both her caucus and the Congress party organization, it is hardly surprising that Gandhi would manifest the same type of behavior with the various opposition parties. Born into Indias most prominent political family in 1917, Indira Nehru was immersed in politics from an early age. Stepping into the void left by her mothers untimely death in 1936, as a young woman she became her fathers hostess, a role that expanded into confidant and advisor over the ensuing years. After her fathers death in 1964, she accepted a minor portfolio in the Shastri government. Lal Bahadur Shastris subsequent death, two years later, made her the compromise choice of the ruling Congress Party hierarchy for the post of the prime minister, since she was thought to harbour no political ambitions of her own. Over the next 11 years, she proved to be a formidable political leader, consolidating her control over the party and the country, winning the 1971 war with Pakistan that saw the creation of Bangladesh, and declaring a State of Emergency in 1975. This latter action, a culmination of bitter relations with the opposition, led to her political defeat in the 1977 elections. Out of power for the next three years, she returned triumphantly in 1980, and ruled India with an increased determination to maintain herself in office. Not above manipulating communal grievances to stay in power, ironically she, herself, eventually fell victim of one of these crises. In 1984, she was assassinated by her own bodyguards, members of the Sikh community, thus ending a remarkable political career. Born into Indias most prominent political family in 1917, Indira Nehru was immersed in politics from an early age. Stepping into the void left by her mothers untimely death in 1936, as a young woman she became her fathers hostess, a role that expanded into confidant and advisor over the ensuing years. After her fathers death in 1964, she accepted a minor portfolio in the Shastri government. Lal Bahadur Shastris subsequent death, two years later, made her the compromise choice of the ruling Congress Party hierarchy for the post of the prime minister, since she was thought to harbour no political ambitions of her own. Over the next 11 years, she proved to be a formidable political leader, consolidating her control over the party and the country, winning the 1971 war with Pakistan that saw the creation of Bangladesh, and declaring a State of Emergency in 1975. This latter action, a culmination of bitter relations with the opposition, led to her political defeat in the 1977 elections. Out of power for the next three years, she returned triumphantly in 1980, and ruled India with an increased determination to maintain herself in office. Not above manipulating communal grievances to stay in power, ironically she, herself, eventually fell victim of one of these crises. In 1984, she was assassinated by her own bodyguards, members of the Sikh community, thus ending a remarkable political career. II. Media and Public Lastly, in relations with the media, the prime minister may be accessible and informative or inaccessible and hostile. Prime ministers who emphasize the implementation of significant policy changes are more likely to generate greater opposition, which in turn will be reflected in some parts of the media, than those who are more concerned with maintaining the political process with incremental changes. In the face of hostility on the part of the media, the Prime Minister is more likely to become less accessible and more hostile. Gandhis relations with the media vacillated between being accessible, informative, and friendly to being uninformative, inaccessible, and unfriendly after the imposition of Emergency Rule in 1975. However, in her relations with the public, Indira Gandhis leadership style was extremely open. The Indian crowds seemed to energize her, and she felt a special bond with the Indian masses who loved the combination of her aristocratic background and her simple down-to-earth manner. Over the next 11 years, she proved to be a formidable political leader, consolidating her control over the party and the country, winning the 1971 war with Pakistan that saw the creation of Bangladesh, and declaring a State of Emergency in 1975. This latter action, a culmination of bitter relations with the opposition, led to her political defeat in the 1977 elections. Out of power for the next three years, she returned triumphantly in 1980, and ruled India with an increased determination to maintain herself in office. Not above manipulating communal grievances to stay in power, ironically she, herself, eventually fell victim of one of these crises. In 1984, she was assassinated by her own bodyguards, members of the Sikh community, thus ending a remarkable political career. Conclusion Analysis shows Indira Gandhi as strongly goal-oriented, tireless in the exercise of her job, an advocate within her cabinet with a preference for receiving information from independent sources. As well, the type of involvement she exhibited with associates, the caucus, the party organization, and the opposition, which was largely competitive and controlling, also fitted expectations for the Ambitious, Controlling, and Contentious leader. Indira Gandhis leadership behavior in the selected categories revealed that her leadership style patterns strongly indicate toward her Ambitious, Dominant, and Contentious personality as well as Reticent, Retiring, and Aggrieved personality patterns. Although, Indira Gandhi demonstrated some Reticent personality traits when she assumed the office of the Prime Minister, the demands of the job and the initial hostility she encountered from the Congress elites-the Syndicate-seem to have galvanized the Ambitious, Dominant, and Contentious dimensions of her personality into action. Compensatory narcissism allowed Indira to appeal over the heads of the Syndicate and establish a strongly personal and very effective relationship with the masses that bolstered her self-esteem and fueled this aspect of her personality.